語音學(xué) Phonetics
音系學(xué)/音位學(xué) Phonology
形態(tài)學(xué) Morphology
句法學(xué) Syntax
語義學(xué) Semantics
語用學(xué) Pragmatics
宏觀語言學(xué) Macrolinguistics
心理語言學(xué) Psycholinguistics
社會(huì)語言學(xué) Sociolinguistics
微觀語言學(xué) Microlinguistics
1. 語音學(xué) Phonetics: 研究語音的特點(diǎn)。主要包括三個(gè)研究范疇:The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics, which includes: 發(fā)音語音學(xué) Articulatory Phonetics,聲學(xué)語音學(xué) Acoustic /?'ku?st?k/ Phonetics, 聽覺語音學(xué) Auditory Phonetics.
2. 音系學(xué)/音位學(xué) Phonology : 主要描述語音系統(tǒng)和模式,但音位學(xué)不是研究發(fā)音的物理特征和過程,而是研究語音的抽象特征或心理特征,研究支配語音分布和排列的規(guī)則以及音節(jié)的形式。Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.
3. 形態(tài)學(xué) Morphology: 研究語素(意義的最小單位 )、詞素變體和構(gòu)詞過程。In many languages, what appear to be single forms actually turn out to contain a large number of “word-like” elements, the way of investigating linguistic forms of language of using this notion of “elements” rather than depending on identifying “words” is known as morphology. What we have been describing as “elements” in the form of a linguistic message are more technically known as morphemes.
4. 句法學(xué) Syntax: 研究在語言中單詞組合成句子的規(guī)則,簡單來說,就是研究句子的組成。Syntax of a language concentrate on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence.
5. 語義學(xué) Semantics: 研究詞、短語和句子的意義,以及意義如何在語言中被編碼。Linguistic semantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words and sentences of a language.
6. 語用學(xué) Pragmatics: 研究說話人試圖表達(dá)的意思,包括隱含的意義,也研究人們組織未直接表達(dá)的暗含意圖的方式,即語境中的意義。The study of “intended speaker meaning” is called pragmatics.
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宏觀語言學(xué) Macrolinguistics
1. 心理語言學(xué) Psycholinguistics: 研究語言與心理的相互關(guān)系。如話語的處理和產(chǎn)生、語言的習(xí)得等。
2. 社會(huì)語言學(xué) Sociolinguistics: 研究語言變體的特征、語言變體的功能特征、講話者的特點(diǎn)、以及這三者如何在言語社團(tuán)中持續(xù)相互作用和變化。
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