https://linglab.cn/news/29502021年09月14日
頂葉位于中心溝和枕脊之間。該部分幫助處理觸覺和疼痛感。此外，它還參與認(rèn)知過程(1)。
In this article, we will elaborate on the position, structure, and function of the parietal lobe. Importantly, we will mention some diseases and conditions that result from the parietal lobe damage.
在本文中，我們將詳細(xì)闡述頂葉的位置、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。另外，我們還將提到由頂葉損傷引起的某些疾病和狀況。
Position and anatomy of the parietal lobe
頂葉的位置和解剖
The parietal lobe is the middle part of the brain. It is located behind the central furrow towards the back. It is separated by incision preoccipitalis from the occipital lobe, lying completely posteriorly (1).
頂葉是大腦的中間部分，它位于背面中央犁溝的后面。
The incisura preoccipitalis cuts into the upper convexity of the brain hemispheres. As a result, the gyrus postcentralis, in which there are sensory centers, belongs to the parietal lobe. There are two curves in the lower area of the parietal lobes. Those are the anterior, gyrus supramarginalis and posterior, gyrus angularis.
枕前切口切入大腦半球的上凸部。因此，感覺中樞的中央后回屬于頂葉。頂葉下部有兩條曲線。它們分別是前、邊緣上回和后、角回。
As already said, the parietal lobe occupies the upper side of the hemisphere. The parietal lobe limits from the anterior and lateral sides include the area from the front to the central sulcus, from the temporal floor to the lateral sulcus, from the occipital sulcus to the imaginary line that flows from the upper edge of the parietal occipital sulcus to the lower hemisphere edge.
如前所述，頂葉位于大腦半球的上半部。從前側(cè)和外側(cè)的頂葉界限包括從前面到中央溝、從顳底到外側(cè)溝、從枕骨溝到從頂枕溝上緣到下半球邊緣的假想線。
The parietal lobe, like the frontal lobe, forms a significant part of the cerebral hemisphere. In the phylogenetic relationship, it distinguishes the old part - posterior central gyrus, the new part – the upper dark gyrus, and the newest - lower dark gyrus.
頂葉和額葉一樣，構(gòu)成了大腦半球的重要部分。在系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系中，它區(qū)分了舊部分—中央后回、新的部分—上暗回和新的下暗回。
Functions of the parietal lobe
頂葉的功能
The parietal lobe is the center of the somatic senses. Most importantly, this part of the brain plays a significant role in identifying objects around us. Namely, it helps us understand spatial relationships, and correctly analyze and compare the position of one body concerning another or the observer himself. This lobe is also important for pain and touch interpretation.
頂葉是軀體感覺的中心。該部分在識(shí)別我們周圍的物體方面扮演著重要的角色。它幫助我們理解空間關(guān)系，正確地分析和比較一個(gè)物體對另一個(gè)物體或觀察者自己的位置。同時(shí)，該部分對于疼痛和觸覺的解釋也很重要。
Moreover, the parietal lobe is significant for interpreting words, as well as language understanding and processing (1). It helps interpret and realize temperature, vision, sensory, hearing, memory, and motor center signals, as well as visual perception.
頂葉對于詞匯理解和語言理解加工具有重要意義。它幫助解釋和實(shí)現(xiàn)溫度、視覺、感覺、聽覺、記憶和運(yùn)動(dòng)中樞信號(hào)以及視知覺。
Now, we will elaborate on anatomical parts of the parietal lobe about their specific functions. First of all, the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (the primary somatosensory region) processes somatic sensory stimuli that serve to recognize the shape, composition, and weight of an object.
我們將詳細(xì)闡述頂葉的解剖學(xué)部分。首先，頂葉中央后回(初級(jí)軀體感覺區(qū))處理軀體感覺刺激，這種刺激有助于識(shí)別物體的形狀、組成和重量。
The spatial organization center also applies to the primary somatosensory cortex located in the anterior portions of the parietal lobe. The somatosensory functions of one side of the body are controlled by the contralateral hemisphere of the brain.
空間組織中心位于頂葉前部的初級(jí)軀體感覺皮層。身體一側(cè)的軀體感覺功能由大腦的對側(cè)半球控制。
The posterolateral areas of the parietal lobe are responsible for creating visual and spatial information, that is, for trajectory information of moving objects. These areas are also responsible for proprioception (awareness of the position of body parts in space).
頂葉的后外側(cè)區(qū)域負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)生視覺和空間信息，即運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的軌跡信息。這些區(qū)域也負(fù)責(zé)本體感覺(意識(shí)身體部位在空間中的位置)。
In the dominant hemisphere, the Gerstmann area located in the central part of the parietal lobe is responsible for the ability to compute, write, properly perceive space, especially the left-to-right orientation, and for finger recognition.
在優(yōu)勢半球中，位于頂葉中央的Gerstmann區(qū)域負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算，書寫，正確感知空間，尤其是從左到右的方向，以及手指識(shí)別的能力。
The nearby angular gyrus is responsible for naming things and other aspects of word recognition. The non-dominant parietal lobe participates in the integration of the contralateral side of the body into space and is responsible for navigating in the space.Finally, it plays an important role in different abilities such as drawing.
附近的角回負(fù)責(zé)命名事物以及單詞識(shí)別的其它方面。非優(yōu)勢頂葉參與身體對側(cè)的整合進(jìn)入空間，并負(fù)責(zé)在空間導(dǎo)航。最后，它在繪畫等不同能力中起著重要作用。
Furthermore, the posterior central gyrus houses the centers of sensitivity are projected with a projection of the body similar to that of the anterior central gyrus. A human face is projected in the lower third of the gyrus. The middle third segment projects a hand, while the foot is projected in the upper third part.
In the upper parietal gyrus, there are centers in charge of complex types of deep sensitivity: musculoskeletal, two-dimensional spatial sensation, sense of weight and volume of movement, sense of object recognition to the touch. The posterior to upper portions of the posterior central gyrus contain localized centers, providing the ability to identify one's body, its parts, their proportions, and their relative position.
在頂上回，有一些中樞負(fù)責(zé)復(fù)雜類型的深度敏感: 肌肉骨骼、二維空間感覺、重量感和運(yùn)動(dòng)量感、對觸覺的物體識(shí)別感。后中央回的后至上部分包含局部中樞，提供辨認(rèn)身體、部位、比例和相對位置的能力。
The most important sensory area is the parietal cortex segment of the postcentral gyrus. In addition, its corresponding part of the paracentral lobe plays a very important sensory role. These zones are called somatosensory region I.
最重要的感覺區(qū)域是中央后回的頂葉皮層部分。此外，其對應(yīng)的旁中心葉部分起著非常重要的感覺作用。這些區(qū)域被稱為軀體感覺區(qū)I。
There is a projection of skin sensitivity of the opposite side of the body from tactile, pain, temperature receptors, intereceptors of sensitivity, and systemic-skeletal sensitivity - from muscle receptors, joints, and tendons.
從觸覺，疼痛，溫度感受器，敏感性間的感受器和全身骨骼敏感性-從肌肉感受器，關(guān)節(jié)和肌腱出發(fā)，可以預(yù)測到身體另一側(cè)的皮膚敏感性。
In addition to the somatosensory region I, there is a smaller size region called the somatosensory area II, located at the intersection of the central sulcus with the upper edge of the temporal lobe, at the depth of the lateral sulcus. The degree of localization of body parts is less pronounced.
除了軀體感覺區(qū)I之外，還有一個(gè)較小的區(qū)域稱為軀體感覺區(qū) II，位于中央溝與顳葉上緣的交叉處，在外側(cè)溝的深處。身體部位的定位程度不太明顯。
Diseases and damage to the parietal brain lobe
大腦頂葉的疾病和損傷
Damage to the anterior portion of the parietal lobe may cause problems with the recognition of objects via the sense of touch. This condition is called asterognosis.
頂葉前部的損傷可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致通過觸覺識(shí)別物體的問題。這種情況被稱為星狀體病。
Lesions located laterally may cause interference with naming and other linguistic functions, as well as interference with writing, numeracy, left-to-right orientation, and finger naming. This condition is especially interesting from the medical point of view.
位于側(cè)面的病變可能會(huì)干擾命名和其他語言功能，以及干擾書寫、算術(shù)、左向右方向和手指命名。從醫(yī)學(xué)的角度來看，這種情況特別有趣。
It is called the Gerstmann's syndrome. It implies a disturbance or inability to distinguish the left and right sides of the body and space. Failure to recognize fingers, impaired computing, writing, and reading are also symptoms of this syndrome.
它被稱為格斯特曼綜合癥。這意味著無法區(qū)分身體和空間的左側(cè)和右側(cè)。無法識(shí)別手指，計(jì)算，寫作和閱讀受損也是該綜合征的癥狀。
Causes of this syndrome in adults include impaired blood flow to this region. In other words, it results from the cerebrovascular disease. It can be a consequence of a stroke. Also, other types of brain damage can cause the Gerstmann’s syndrome. Moreover, a brain tumor in the parietal region can result in the occurrence of certain symptoms that are related to the Gerstmann syndrome.
成年人這種綜合癥的原因包括該區(qū)域的血液流動(dòng)受損。換句話說，它是由腦血管疾病引起的，這可能是中風(fēng)的后果。同樣，其它類型的腦損傷也會(huì)導(dǎo)致格斯曼綜合癥。此外，頂葉區(qū)域的腦腫瘤可能導(dǎo)致與 Gerstmann 綜合征相關(guān)的某些癥狀的發(fā)生。
When it comes to the occurrence of the Gerstmann syndrome in children, scientists do not have a certain conclusion. Possible causes include brain damage, even though there are patients who suffer from this syndrome and do not have brain damage.
當(dāng)涉及兒童Gerstmann綜合征的發(fā)生時(shí)，科學(xué)家尚無定論?？赡艿脑虬X部損傷，即使有些患者患有這種綜合征并且沒有腦部損傷。
Moreover, acute damage to the non-dominant parietal lobe can cause the contralateral side (usually left) to be neglected, leading to a diminished awareness of that part of the body, the environment around it, and injury to it.
此外，對非優(yōu)勢頂葉的急性損害可導(dǎo)致對側(cè)（通常為左側(cè)）被忽略，從而導(dǎo)致對身體的該部位，周圍環(huán)境及其傷害的意識(shí)減弱。
For example, patients with severe damage to the right parietal lobe may negate left paresis and may be acutely disturbed. Patients with minor impairments may become impaired when performing motor tasks (eg, dressing or other daily activities) —a space-motor deficit called apraxia.
例如，右頂葉嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷的患者可能會(huì)抵消左側(cè)輕癱，并可能出現(xiàn)急性紊亂。輕度損傷的病人在執(zhí)行運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù)(如穿衣或其他日?；顒?dòng))時(shí)可能受損一種稱為失用的空間運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷。
The Parietal Lobe Syndrome
頂葉綜合癥
Parietal lobe syndrome implies an outbreak of function of this lobe due to damage to its structures. This lobe is located between the frontal lobes in both cerebral hemispheres. The parietal lobe extends from the central sulcus to the parieto-occipital groove separating it from the occipital lobe. It contains the primary somatosensory cortex.
頂葉綜合征提示該腦葉由于結(jié)構(gòu)損傷而發(fā)生功能性疾病。該腦葉位于兩個(gè)大腦半球的額葉之間。頂葉從中央溝延伸至頂枕溝，將頂葉與枕葉分開。它包含初級(jí)軀體感覺皮層。
In the parietal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, the supramarginal and angular gyruses form part of the Wernike Speech Center. The fasciculus archuatus fibers connect the Broca’s and Wernike's speech centers by passing through this lobe.
在優(yōu)勢半球的頂葉中，上三角和角回構(gòu)成了韋尼克（Wernike）語言中樞的一部分。弓狀束纖維通過該葉連接布羅卡和韋爾尼克的語言中樞。
The parietal lobe of the dominant hemisphere is responsible for the ability to calculate (2), as well as the left-to-right orientation. In this lobe, body schemes are found.
優(yōu)勢半球的頂葉負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算能力(2) ，以及從左到右的方向。
In the depth of the parietal lobe of both hemispheres are found fibers of optical radiation. Disorders of the parietal lobe function can result from trauma, tumors, infection, vascular events, etc. Damage caused by trauma or by another etiological factor can impair the function of the frontal lobe as well as cause frontal lobe syndrome.
在兩個(gè)大腦半球的頂葉深處都發(fā)現(xiàn)了光輻射纖維。頂葉功能紊亂可能是由外傷，腫瘤，感染，血管事件等引起的。外傷或其它病因引起的損傷可能損害額葉功能并引起額葉綜合征。
Parietal lobe syndrome primarily involves the appearance of contralateral hyposthesia. The sense of touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception are reduced even though the Edinger's path and the system of medial leminiscus are usually preserved.
頂葉綜合征主要表現(xiàn)為對側(cè)感覺減退。觸覺、疼痛、溫度、振動(dòng)和本體感覺減弱，盡管通常保留了 Edinger 的路徑和內(nèi)側(cè)半月板系統(tǒng)。
Damage to the posterior parts of the parietal lobe causes a disruption of the perception of the position of the body parts in the joints (proprioception is impaired).
頂葉后部的損傷導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)對身體各部位位置的感知中斷(本體感覺受損)。
It also disrupts the ability to localize light or gentle touch accurately. The patient is unable to recognize objects by touch, which is called asterognosis. Such patients also have a disorder called agraphesthesia. Agraphesthesia is an inability to recognize the shapes or letters that are drawn on the patient's skin (circle, triangle, square).
它破壞了準(zhǔn)確定位光線或輕柔觸摸的能力?；颊邿o法通過觸摸來辨認(rèn)物體，這被稱為星體癥。這些患者也患有稱為感覺失調(diào)的疾病。Agraphesthesia 是指無法識(shí)別患者皮膚上繪制的形狀或字母（圓形，三角形，正方形）
When it comes to parietal lobe syndrome, the phenomenon of sensory inattention is also present. When the patient is touching both hands at the same time, he is not aware of the touch on one of them because he does not feel it (3).
當(dāng)涉及頂葉綜合征時(shí)，也會(huì)出現(xiàn)感覺注意力不集中的現(xiàn)象。
Conclusion
總結(jié)
The parietal lobe occupies the upper side of the hemisphere. The function of the parietal lobe is related to the perception and analysis of sensitive stimuli, as well as spatial orientation. Several functional centers are concentrated in the parietal lobe convolutions.
頂葉位于大腦半球的上半部。頂葉的功能與對敏感刺激的感知和分析以及空間方向有關(guān)，多個(gè)功能中樞集中在頂葉回。
Damage, tumor, or stroke that affects the parietal lobe can lead to significant impairments and dysfunctions. Those include the Parietal lobe syndrome and the Gerstmann syndrome.
頂葉的損傷可能是腫瘤或中風(fēng)可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的損傷和功能障礙，其中包括頂葉綜合征和格斯特曼綜合征。
References
Brownsett SL, Wise RJ. The contribution of the parietal lobes to speaking and writing. Cereb Cortex. 2010 Mar;20(3):517-23. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp120. Epub 2009 Jun 16. PMID: 19531538; PMCID: PMC2820696. Found online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820696/
Cappelletti M, Lee HL, Freeman ED, Price CJ. The role of right and left parietal lobes in the conceptual processing of numbers. J CognNeurosci. 2010 Feb;22(2):331-46. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21246. PMID: 19400672; PMCID: PMC2808313. Found online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808313/
Caminiti R, Chafee MV, Battaglia-Mayer A, Averbeck BB, Crowe DA, Georgopoulos AP. Understanding the parietal lobe syndrome from a neurophysiological and evolutionary perspective. Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Jun;31(12):2320-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07291.x.Epub 2010 Jun 9. PMID: 20550568; PMCID: PMC2900452. Found online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900452/
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